Outside the field of statistics, the literature on observational studies offers advice about research designs or strategies for judging whether or not an association is causal, such as multiple ...

The pharmaceutical industry is facing growing pressure to make drug development more patient-focused. Traditionally, most observational research has been derived from clinical and payer data, but has ...

Nutritional epidemiology is notorious for producing sensational, conflicting results that confuse us all. We’re stuck with observational studies that can be twisted in countless ways to get different ...

The goal of comparative effectiveness research is to inform clinical decisions between alternate treatment strategies using data that reflect real patient populations and real-world clinical scenarios ...

Menopause hormone therapy neither increases nor decreases the risk for dementia or mild cognitive impairment in ...